The pharmacological cost of COPD during greek economic crisis
Datum
2017Language
en
Schlagwort
Zusammenfassung
Introduction: The economic crisis in Greece has substantially affected patients with COPD. The reduction of disposable income has its consequences on patients’ ability to afford their medication. The aim of the study is to evaluate the cost of treatment for patients with COPD and the influence of the financial crisis to the patients. Methods: Data were collected from 189 patients (male: 178, mean age: 70.1±8.4) who visited the outpatient department of University Hospital of Larissa in 2014 and 2015. The pharmacological cost of treatment was calculated based on national pharmaceutical formulary prices. Results: COPD patients were classified into four stages according to Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD): 7.4% were in stage I, 43.4% in stage II, 34.4% in stage III, and 14.8% in stage IV. Patients were graded as per GOLD as follows: 18% as grade A, 14.3% as B, 23.3% as C, and 44.4% as D. The annual cost of COPD maintenance treatment per patient was €952.92 (±398.01), of which €239.91 were patients’ expenses. The annual treatment cost for stable disease ranged from €615.44 to €1302.03 depending on disease stages (GOLD stages I–IV) and from €715.01 to €1101.05 depending on GOLD grades (grades A–D). The cost of maintenance medication was statistically and significantly higher for patients with advanced disease (GOLD stages III–IV) and for patients at high risk (GOLD grades C–D [P=0.000]). Conclusion: The pharmacological cost of treatment for COPD patients seems to be considerably high, in all disease stages. As the average income is decreased, patients face difficulties to afford inhaled medication. © 2017 Martin et al.
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Global, regional, and national age-sex specifc mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
Naghavi M., Abajobir A.A., Abbafati C., Abbas K.M., Abd-Allah F., Abera S.F., Aboyans V., Adetokunboh O., Ärnlöv J., Afshin A., Agrawal A., Kiadaliri A.A., Ahmadi A., Ahmed M.B., Aichour A.N., Aichour I., Aichour M.T.E., Aiyar S., Al-Eyadhy A., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Alam K., Alam N., Alam T., Alene K.A., Ali S.D., Alizadeh-Navaei R., Alkaabi J.M., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allebeck P., Allen C., Al-Raddadi R., Alsharif U., Altirkawi K.A., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Amini E., Ammar W., Amoako Y.A., Anber N., Andersen H.H., Andrei C.L., Androudi S., Ansari H., Antonio C.A.T., Anwari P., Arora M., Artaman A., Aryal K.K., Asayesh H., Asgedom S.W., Atey T.M., Avila-Burgos L., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Awasthi A., Quintanilla B.P.A., Béjot Y., Babalola T.K., Bacha U., Balakrishnan K., Barac A., Barboza M.A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barquera S., Barregard L., Barrero L.H., Baune B.T., Bedi N., Beghi E., Bekele B.B., Bell M.L., Bennett J.R., Bensenor I.M., Berhane A., Bernabé E., Betsu B.D., Beuran M., Bhatt S., Biadgilign S., Bienhof K., Bikbov B., Bisanzio D., Bourne R.R.A., Breitborde N.J.K., Bulto L.N.B., Bumgarner B.R., Butt Z.A., Cárdenas R., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Cameron E., Campuzano J.C., Car J., Carrero J.J., Carter A., Casey D.C., Castañeda-Orjuela C.A., Catalá-López F., Charlson F.J., Chibueze C.E., Chimed-Ochir O., Chisumpa V.H., Chitheer A.A., Christopher D.J., Ciobanu L.G., Cirillo M., Cohen A.J., Colombara D., Cooper C., Cowie B.C., Criqui M.H., Dandona L., Dandona R., Dargan P.I., Das Neves J., Davitoiu D.V., Davletov K., De Courten B., Degenhardt L., Deiparine S., Deribe K., Deribew A., Dey S., Dicker D., Ding E.L., Djalalinia S., Do H.P., Doku D.T., Douwes-Schultz D., Driscoll T.R., Dubey M., Duncan B.B., Echko M., El-Khatib Z.Z., Ellingsen C.L., Enayati A., Erskine H.E., Eskandarieh S., Esteghamati A., Ermakov S.P., Estep K., Sa Farinha C.S., Faro A., Farzadfar F., Feigin V.L., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes J.C., Ferrari A.J., Feyissa T.R., Filip I., Finegold S., Fischer F., Fitzmaurice C., Flaxman A.D., Foigt N., Frank T., Fraser M., Fullman N., Fürst T., Furtado J.M., Gakidou E., Garcia-Basteiro A.L., Gebre T., Gebregergs G.B., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gebremichael D.Y., Geleijnse J.M., Genova-Maleras R., Gesesew H.A., Gething P.W., Gillum R.F., Ginawi I.A.M., Giref A.Z., Giroud M., Giussani G., Godwin W.W., Gold A.L., Goldberg E.M., Gona P.N., Gopalani S.V., Gouda H.N., Goulart A.C., Griswold M., Gupta P.C., Gupta R., Gupta T., Gupta V., Haagsma J.A., Hafezi-Nejad N., Hailu A.D., Hailu G.B., Hamadeh R.R., Hambisa M.T., Hamidi S., Hammami M., Hancock J., Handal A.J., Hankey G.J., Hao Y., Harb H.L., Hareri H.A., Hassanvand M.S., Havmoeller R., Hay S.I., He F., Hedayati M.T., Henry N.J., Heredia-Pi I.B., Herteliu C., Hoek H.W., Horino M., Horita N., Hosgood H.D., Hostiuc S., Hotez P.J., Hoy D.G., Huynh C., Iburg K.M., Ikeda C., Ileanu B.V., Irenso A.A., Irvine C.M.S., Jürisson M., Jacobsen K.H., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M.B., Javanbakht M., Jayaraman S.P., Jeemon P., Jha V., John D., Johnson C.O., Johnson S.C., Jonas J.B., Kabir Z., Kadel R., Kahsay A., Kamal R., Karch A., Karimi S.M., Karimkhani C., Kasaeian A., Kassaw N.A., Kassebaum N.J., Katikireddi S.V., Kawakami N., Keiyoro P.N., Kemmer L., Kesavachandran C.N., Khader Y.S., Khan E.A., Khang Y.-H., Khoja A.T.A., Khosravi A., Khosravi M.H., Khubchandani J., Kieling C., Kievlan D., Kim D., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kinfu Y., Kissoon N., Kivimaki M., Knudsen A.K., Kopec J.A., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Defo B.K., Kulikof X.R., Kumar G.A., Kumar P., Kutz M., Kyu H.H., Lal D.K., Lalloo R., Lambert T.L.N., Lan Q., Lansingh V.C., Larsson A., Lee P.H., Leigh J., Leung J., Levi M., Li Y., Kappe D.L., Liang X., Liben M.L., Lim S.S., Liu A., Liu P.Y., Liu Y., Lodha R., Logroscino G., Lorkowski S., Lotufo P.A., Lozano R., Lucas T.C.D., Ma S., Macarayan E.R.K., Maddison E.R., Abd El Razek M.M., Majdan M., Majdzadeh R., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malhotra R., Malta D.C., Manguerra H., Manyazewal T., Mapoma C.C., Marczak L.B., Markos D., Martinez-Raga J., Martins-Melo F.R., Martopullo I., McAlinden C., McGaughey M., McGrath J.J., Mehata S., Meier T., Meles K.G., Memiah P., Memish Z.A., Mengesha M.M., Mengistu D.T., Menota B.G., Mensah G.A., Meretoja A., Meretoja T.J., Millear A., Miller T.R., Minnig S., Mirarefn M., Mirrakhimov E.M., Misganaw A., Mishra S.R., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadi A., Mohammed S., Mokdad A.H., Mola G.L.D., Mollenkopf S.K., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Hernandez J.C.M., Montico M., Mooney M.D., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Morawska L., Morrison S.D., Morozof C., Mountjoy-Venning C., Mruts K.B., Muller K., Murthy G.V.S., Musa K.I., Nachega J.B., Naheed A., Naldi L., Nangia V., Nascimento B.R., Nasher J.T., Natarajan G., Negoi I., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen G., Nguyen M., Nguyen Q.L., Nguyen T.H., Nichols E., Ningrum D.N.A., Nong V.M., Noubiap J.J.N., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Okoro A., Olagunju A.T., Olsen H.E., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Ong K., Opio J.N., Oren E., Ortiz A., Osman M., Ota E., Mahesh P.A., Pacella R.E., Pakhale S., Pana A., Panda B.K., Jonas S., Papachristou C., Park E.-K., Patten S.B., Patton G.C., Paudel D., Paulson K., Pereira D.M., Perez-Ruiz F., Perico N., Pervaiz A., Petzold M., Phillips M.R., Pigott D.M., Pinho C., Plass D., Pletcher M.A., Polinder S., Postma M.J., Pourmalek F., Purcell C., Qorbani M., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Ur Rahman M.H., Rai R.K., Ranabhat C.L., Rankin Z., Rao P.C., Rath G.K., Rawaf S., Ray S.E., Rehm J., Reiner R.C., Reitsma M.B., Remuzzi G., Rezaei S., Rezai M.S., Rokni M.B., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Roth G.A., Rothenbacher D., Ruhago G.M., Rizwan S.A., Saadat S., Sachdev P.S., Sadat N., Safdarian M., Saf S., Safiri S., Sagar R., Sahathevan R., Salama J., Salamati P., Salomon J.A., Samy A.M., Sanabria J.R., Sanchez-Niño M.D., Santomauro D., Santos I.S., Milicevic M.M.S., Sartorius B., Satpathy M., Shahraz S., Schmidt M.I., Schneider I.J.C., 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Thrift A.G., Tobe-Gai R., Topor-Madry R., Torre A., Tortajada M., Towbin J.A., Tran B.X., Troeger C., Truelsen T., Tsoi D., Tuzcu E.M., Tyrovolas S., Ukwaja K.N., Undurraga E.A., Updike R., Uthman O.A., Uzochukwu B.S.C., Van Boven J.F.M., Vasankari T., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Vlassov V.V., Vollset S.E., Vos T., Wakayo T., Wallin M.T., Wang Y.-P., Weiderpass E., Weintraub R.G., Weiss D.J., Werdecker A., Westerman R., Whetter B., Whiteford H.A., Wijeratne T., Wiysonge C.S., Woldeyes B.G., Wolfe C.D.A., Woodbrook R., Workicho A., Xavier D., Xiao Q., Xu G., Yaghoubi M., Yakob B., Yano Y., Yaseri M., Yimam H.H., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Yotebieng M., Younis M.Z., Zaidi Z., El Sayed Zaki M., Zegeye E.A., Zenebe Z.M., Zerfu T.A., Zhang A.L., Zhang X., Zipkin B., Zodpey S., Lopez A.D., Murray C.J.L., GBD 2016 Causes of Death Collaborators (2017)Background: Monitoring levels and trends in premature mortality is crucial to understanding how societies can address prominent sources 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The Global Burden of Disease 2016 Study (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive ... -
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Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Opio J.N., Oren E., Ortiz A., Osborne R.H., Osman M., Owolabi M.O., Mahesh P.A., Pain A.W., Pakhale S., Palomares Castillo E., Pana A., Papachristou C., Parsaeian M., Patel T., Patton G.C., Paudel D., Paul V.K., Pearce N., Pereira D.M., Perez-Padilla R., Perez-Ruiz F., Perico N., Pesudovs K., Petzold M., Phillips M.R., Pigott D.M., Pillay J.D., Pinho C., Polinder S., Pond C.D., Prakash V., Purwar M., Qorbani M., Quistberg D.A., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rahimi K., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Rahman M.H.U., Rai R.K., Ram U., Rana S.M., Rankin Z., Rao P.V., Rao P.C., Rawaf S., Rego M.A.S., Reitsma M., Remuzzi G., Renzaho A.M.N.N., Resnikoff S., Rezaei S., Rezai M.S., Ribeiro A.L., Roba H.S., Rokni M.B., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Roth G.A., Rothenbacher D., Roy N.K., Sachdev P.S., Sackey B.B., Saeedi M.Y., Safiri S., Sagar R., Sahraian M.A., Saleh M.M., Salomon J.A., Samy A.M., Sanabria J.R., Sanchez-Niño M.D., Sandar L., Santos I.S., Santos J.V., Santric Milicevic M.M., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Sartorius B., Satpathy M., Savic M., Sawhney M., Saylan M.I., Schöttker B., Schutte A.E., Schwebel D.C., Seedat S., Seid A.M., Seifu C.N., Sepanlou S.G., Serdar B., Servan-Mori E.E., Setegn T., Shackelford K.A., Shaheen A., Shahraz S., Shaikh M.A., Shakh-Nazarova M., Shamsipour M., Shariful Islam S.M., Sharma J., Sharma R., She J., Sheikhbahaei S., Shen J., Shi P., Shigematsu M., Shin M.-J., Shiri R., Shoman H., Shrime M.G., Sibamo E.L.S., Sigfusdottir I.D., Silva D.A.S., Silveira D.G.A., Sindi S., Singh A., Singh J.A., Singh O.P., Singh P.K., Singh V., Sinke A.H., Sinshaw A.E., Skirbekk V., Sliwa K., Smith A., Sobngwi E., Soneji S., Soriano J.B., Sousa T.C.M., Sposato L.A., Sreeramareddy C.T., Stathopoulou V., Steel N., Steiner C., Steinke S., Stokes M.A., Stranges S., Strong M., Stroumpoulis K., Sturua L., Sufiyan M.B., Suliankatchi R.A., Sun J., Sur P., Swaminathan S., Sykes B.L., Tabarés-Seisdedos R., Tabb K.M., Taffere G.R., Talongwa R.T., Tarajia M., Tavakkoli M., Taveira N., Teeple S., Tegegne T.K., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekelab T., Tekle D.Y., Temam Shifa G., Terkawi A.S., Tesema A.G., Thakur J.S., Thomson A.J., Tillmann T., Tiruye T.Y., Tobe-Gai R., Tonelli M., Topor-Madry R., Tortajada M., Troeger C., Truelsen T., Tura A.K., Uchendu U.S., Ukwaja K.N., Undurraga E.A., Uneke C.J., Uthman O.A., Van Boven J.F.M., Van Dingenen R., Varughese S., Vasankari T., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Vladimirov S.K., Vlassov V.V., Vollset S.E., Vos T., Wagner J.A., Wakayo T., Waller S.G., Walson J.L., Wang H., Wang Y.-P., Watkins D.A., Weiderpass E., Weintraub R.G., Wen C.-P., Werdecker A., Wesana J., Westerman R., Whiteford H.A., Wilkinson J.D., Wiysonge C.S., Woldeyes B.G., Wolfe C.D.A., Won S., Workicho A., Workie S.B., Wubshet M., Xavier D., Xu G., Yadav A.K., Yaghoubi M., Yakob B., Yan L.L., Yano Y., Yaseri M., Yimam H.H., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Younis M.Z., Yu C., Zaidi Z., El Sayed Zaki M., Zambrana-Torrelio C., Zapata T., Zenebe Z.M., Zodpey S., Zoeckler L., Zuhlke L.J., Murray C.J.L., GBD 2015 Healthcare Access and Quality Collaborators (2017)Background National levels of personal health-care access and quality can be approximated by measuring mortality rates from causes that should not be fatal in the presence of effective medical care (ie, amenable mortality). ... -
SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology and its clinical implications: An integrative overview of the pharmacotherapeutic management of COVID-19
Tsatsakis A., Calina D., Falzone L., Petrakis D., Mitrut R., Siokas V., Pennisi M., Lanza G., Libra M., Doukas S.G., Doukas P.G., Kavali L., Bukhari A., Gadiparthi C., Vageli D.P., Kofteridis D.P., Spandidos D.A., Paoliello M.M.B., Aschner M., Docea A.O. (2020)Common manifestations of COVID-19 are respiratory and can extend from mild symptoms to severe acute respiratory distress. The severity of the illness can also extend from mild disease to life-threatening acute respiratory ...