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dc.creatorThalassinos G., Antoniadis V.en
dc.date.accessioned2023-01-31T10:07:30Z
dc.date.available2023-01-31T10:07:30Z
dc.date.issued2021
dc.identifier10.3390/toxics9110293
dc.identifier.issn23056304
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11615/79662
dc.description.abstractAgricultural lands, especially those where wheat is cultivated, in the vicinity of intense anthropogenic activities may be laden with potentially toxic elements (PTEs), resulting in increased risk for human health. In this study we monitored three regions located in central Greece, currently cultivated with wheat: Domokos and Eretria, two areas with abandoned chromium mines, but never studied before, and the industrial area of Volos, near a major steel factory. All soils were alkaline with medium CaCO3 content. As expected, Cr was extremely high in the first two areas (705.2 in Eretria and 777.5 mg kg−1 in Domokos); Ni was also found elevated (1227 in Eretria, 1315 in Domokos and 257.6 mg kg−1 in the steel factory), while other harmful metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) were rather low. As a result, pollution load index, a cumulative index showing the contamination level of an area, was higher than 1.0 in all three areas (Eretria = 2.20, Domokos = 2.28, and steel factory = 1.61), indicating high contamination and anthropogenic inputs. As for the wheat parts (shoots and grains), they were found to have no elevated concentrations of any of the measured metals in all three study areas, probably due to the alkaline soil pH that decelerates metal mobility. This was also confirmed by the very low soil-to-plant transfer coefficient values for all metals. In assessing the possible risk concerning human health, we found that the soil-to-human pathway would induce no significant risk (exhibited by hazard index of less than 1.0), while the risk from grain-to-human resulted in considerable risk for human health in the steel factory of Volos (where HI > 1.0). Our findings suggest that rural areas never studied before with a history in some offensive anthropogenic activity can prove to be a contamination hotspot; we regard this study as a pivotal for similarly never-visited-before areas casually cultivated with wheat (or other important crops for human nutrition). We further recognize the need for a more in-depth study that would acknowledge the geochemical speciation of the studied metals and also monitor other important crops and their possible uptake of PTEs. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.en
dc.language.isoenen
dc.sourceToxicsen
dc.source.urihttps://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85119080056&doi=10.3390%2ftoxics9110293&partnerID=40&md5=8162aa7ed2eaa7ed4fa65c0c94d38325
dc.subjectcadmiumen
dc.subjectchromiumen
dc.subjectcobalten
dc.subjectcopperen
dc.subjectelementen
dc.subjectironen
dc.subjectleaden
dc.subjectmanganeseen
dc.subjectnickelen
dc.subjectoxideen
dc.subjectpotentially toxic elementen
dc.subjectsteelen
dc.subjectunclassified drugen
dc.subjectzincen
dc.subjectArticleen
dc.subjectcropen
dc.subjectfactoryen
dc.subjectgrainen
dc.subjectGreeceen
dc.subjecthealth hazarden
dc.subjecthumanen
dc.subjectindustrial areaen
dc.subjectnutritionen
dc.subjectrural areaen
dc.subjectsanden
dc.subjectshooten
dc.subjectsoilen
dc.subjectsoil acidityen
dc.subjectsoil pollutionen
dc.subjectwheaten
dc.subjectMDPIen
dc.titleMonitoring potentially toxic element pollution in three wheat-grown areas with a long history of industrial activity and assessment of their effect on human health in central Greeceen
dc.typejournalArticleen


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