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Goal-directed and undirected self-talk: Exploring a new perspective for the study of athletes' self-talk
dc.creator | Latinjak, A. T. | en |
dc.creator | Zourbanos, N. | en |
dc.creator | Lopez-Ros, V. | en |
dc.creator | Hatzigeorgiadis, A. | en |
dc.date.accessioned | 2015-11-23T10:37:31Z | |
dc.date.available | 2015-11-23T10:37:31Z | |
dc.date.issued | 2014 | |
dc.identifier | 10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.05.007 | |
dc.identifier.issn | 1469-0292 | |
dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/11615/30205 | |
dc.description.abstract | Objectives: The present study aimed to introduce the distinction between goal-directed and undirected thoughts used in general psychology into the automatic self-talk paradigm used in sport psychology. In particular, the purpose of this investigation was to explore the structure and the content of athletes' goal-directed and undirected self-talk. Methods: Overall, 87 athletes participated in two studies (n = 32 and n = 55, respectively). Qualitative methods were used to analyze data, in the form of text units that were collected retrospectively through thought sampling regarding participants' self-talk. Results: The analysis revealed differences in the structure of goal-directed and un-directed self-talk. Spontaneous, undirected, self-talk involved mostly explaining past outcomes and foreseeing upcoming events, whereas goal-directed self-talk aimed at attaining control over cognitions and activation for action. Spontaneous self-talk could be classified based on two dimensions: valence (positive negative) and time-perspective (retrospective, present-related, and anticipatory), whereas goal-directed self-talk could be classified into two different dimensions: activation (activated states, neutral, deactivated states) and time-orientation (past, past present, present future, and future oriented). Furthermore, differences were also observed with regard to the person at which statements were addressed. Conclusions: Overall, the findings attempt to explore a new perspective into the study of self-talk, which can help improving the conceptualization, creating new research directions, and enhancing the understanding of self-talk for developing effective interventions. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. | en |
dc.source | Psychology of Sport and Exercise | en |
dc.source.uri | <Go to ISI>://WOS:000340332100015 | |
dc.subject | Thoughts | en |
dc.subject | Cognitive processes | en |
dc.subject | Valence | en |
dc.subject | Time perspective | en |
dc.subject | Activation | en |
dc.subject | EMOTION REGULATION | en |
dc.subject | TENNIS PLAYERS | en |
dc.subject | PHYSICAL-EDUCATION | en |
dc.subject | PERFORMANCE | en |
dc.subject | THOUGHT | en |
dc.subject | FUTURE | en |
dc.subject | MEMORY | en |
dc.subject | SPORT | en |
dc.subject | TASK | en |
dc.subject | CONSCIOUSNESS | en |
dc.subject | Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism | en |
dc.subject | Psychology, Applied | en |
dc.subject | Psychology | en |
dc.subject | Sport Sciences | en |
dc.title | Goal-directed and undirected self-talk: Exploring a new perspective for the study of athletes' self-talk | en |
dc.type | journalArticle | en |
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