The optimal balance point between NRW reduction measures, full water costing and water pricing in water distribution systems. Alternative scenarios forecasting the Kozani's WDS optimal balance point

Abstract

The paper summarizes the final outcome of a study that lasted three years and deals with NRW reduction measures, the FWC integration in water price and the consumers' response to water price changes. Each term of the above three, interacts with the others and a dynamic balance is formed. There is a point where this balance causes optimal (socially and economically fair) results for all urban water users. The implementation of the mechanism of finding the optimal balance point in Kozani's (a city in northern Greece) WDS under increased water price is presented. © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.